![]() Mechanisms for SPW-R genesis and function are discussed in this review. Alteration of the physiological mechanisms supporting SPW-Rs leads to their pathological conversion, "p-ripples," which are a marker of epileptogenic tissue and can be observed in rodent models of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease. In addition to the widely studied contribution to memory, SPW-Rs may also affect endocrine function via activation of hypothalamic circuits. Recently acquired and pre-existing information are combined during SPW-R replay to influence decisions, plan actions and, potentially, allow for creative thoughts. SPW-Rs assist in transferring this compressed hippocampal representation to distributed circuits to support memory consolidation selective disruption of SPW-Rs interferes with memory. The spike content of SPW-Rs is temporally and spatially coordinated by a consortium of interneurons to replay fragments of waking neuronal sequences in a compressed format. They arise from the excitatory recurrent system of the CA3 region and the SPW-induced excitation brings about a fast network oscillation (ripple) in CA1. ![]() SPW-Rs occur during "off-line" states of the brain, associated with consummatory behaviors and non-REM sleep, and are influenced by numerous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. ![]() Their excitatory output affects a wide area of the cortex and several subcortical nuclei. Sharp wave ripples (SPW-Rs) represent the most synchronous population pattern in the mammalian brain.
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